Translation notes

Amakusa Shirou Tokisada

熾天の杯 - The title of Fate/Apocrypha Volume 4. 熾天使 is the Japanese term for seraph^WP, which is generally agreed to mean "the burning one", hence some translators going with "Seraphic Grail". My personal choice for "Grail of Burning Heaven" is based on how Twin Arm - Big Crunch is apparently related to Heaven's Feel (i.e. Grail of Heaven).

Side note: Rho Aias

BB (Swimsuit/Summer)

Translations are a bit jumbled on this matter, so to clarify:

The Skill Tree: Evil God Emulation (スキルツリー・邪神エミュ^?) mentioned in her Item Construction/Magic Resistance skills is actually expanded on in her materials.

She emulated the Evil God (邪神のエミュレート) by recovering the skill points from her original Skill Tree ("universal last boss-type kouhai" regular BB-chan) and reallocating said points into a new Level 999 Skill Tree ("evil god last boss-type kouhai"). Hence, the "Evil God Emulation" skill tree. Thus all her stats and abilities being utterly reworked from the ground up.

Beni-enma

道行 is a literary expression/term, typically used for/in stage plays.

Brynhildr Romantia

Brynhildr's NPs, including her in Summer, have a wedding vows theme.

'Til Death Do Us Part - 死が二人を分かつまで

死がふたりを分断つまで

死が二人を別離つとも

Edmond Dantès

Most people tend to translate 虎よ、煌々と燃え盛れ as "Tyger, Burning Bright" in reference to William Blake's The Tyger^WP. There's precedence as the Count quotes the phrase during the battle at Time Temple (however the Japanese dialogue actually uses different wording here).

There doesn't seem to be an official, agreed upon Japanese translation of the poem: I've seen it translated as 虎よ！虎よ！あかあかと燃える twice, there's 虎よ、虎よ。夜の森に火のように輝く虎よ or 虎よ！夜の森かげで赫々と燃えている虎よ！ which both take the whole sentence into context.

It's likely a similar case to Nightingale Pledge, where the flavour text is not a strict, direct translation of the respective line in English.

Elizabeth Báthory

監獄城チェイテ or Sárkány Csont Lándzsa, trying to find where the latter is from. Extra material says Čachtice/Csejte is both castle and lance.

Edit: Sárkány Csont Lándzsa is what Extella's localisation decided to go with for some reason even though it's just 竜骨槍.

Gáe Bolg (/Alternative)

• 刺し穿つ死棘の槍 - Barbed Spear of Stabbing Piercing Death
• 貫き穿つ死翔の槍 - Soaring Spear of Piercing Death
• 蹴り穿つ死翔の槍 - Soaring Spear of Kick-Piercing Death
• 突き穿つ死翔の槍 - Soaring Spear of Thrusting Piercing Death
• 抉り穿つ鏖殺の槍 - Spear of Gouging Piercing Massacre
• 穿ちの朱槍 - Piercing Crimson Spear
• 裂き断つ死輝の刃

穿つ - pierce

刺し - stab/slice
貫き - thrust, penetrate, run through
蹴り - kick
突き - (strike) thrust, lunge
抉り - gouging

[Note: It's basically many, many ways to write something that boils down to "piercing" in boring old English.]

「刺し穿ち、突き穿つ──！」 - "Stab and penetrate! Thrust and impale!" (Scathach's NP dialogue)

(死)棘 - (death) thorn
(死)翔 - (death) soar/fly
鏖殺 - massacre

裂き - cleave
断つ - sever

Jing Ke

For whatever reason there is not an official translation for Li Bai's 俠客行 and there are actually more articles on the novel with the same name (and based on the poem). You can find it in its entirety in this article, section 2.

Drinking Alone by Moonlight (月下獨酌) is more popular, appearing in the Li Bai Wiki article.^WP Jing Ke recites the first verse in Lostbelt 3, causing all sorts of trouble.

Kiara Sesshouin

五停心観 - named for methods to counteract the Five hindrances^WP (specifically in Mahayana and Chinese Buddhism) or something similar (maybe 五位). An alternative appears to be Kammaṭṭhāna^WP.

• Patikulamanasikara^WP, contemplating "the impurity of the body" - counter to rāga^WP
• contemplating Karuṇā^WP, mercy/compassion, or Maitrī^WP - counter to dveṣa^WP
• contemplating Nidana^WP, "cause and effect" or "connection" - counter to avidyā^WP, "ignorance", or moha^WP
• contemplating Mahābhūta^WP/catudhātu, the elements/properties of reality - counter to ātma-grāha, "egoism"
• Anapanasati^WP, "mindfulness of breathing" - counter to Vitarka-vicāra^WP, "discursive thought"

There seems to be overlap with 理拳印 and 智拳印, as there's some articles that say they are separate seal gestures and others that say they are the same gesture with multiple names. The Bodhyangi Mudrā is either a gesture of wisdom/knowledge like the Vajra Mudrā OR it is a gesture that "represents the union of male and female principles" (exclusive to Vajrayana Buddhism? but does explain the use of 理). There's some that mention that they are the reverse of each other e.g. Wikipedia^WP shows that while both involve wrapping the left index finger with the right hand, one has the palm facing right and the other facing left.

Interestingly, the Womb Realm (胎蔵界) is actually associated with the Dhyāna Mudrā, the meditation gesture.

大頭七野干法 - Big-Headed Seven Yakan Method, or some such.

For some reason, outside of Sadistic/Masochistic Constitution, the Skills she ripped from the other Sakura Five are written differently from theirs.

束縛願望 ("Shackling Desire") becomes 緊縛嗜好 ("Bondage Preference")

成長願望 becomes 発育願望 - may have to do with certain nuances

同族嫌悪 becomes 同属嫌悪 - the same term, different kanji. 族 refers to family, 属 seems to be "genus"

Worth noting: 緊縛嗜好 and 同属嫌悪 are the terms used in Extra material (under "id_es" section referencing other id_es skills).

Knowledge of the Sowa

宗和の心得 seems to remain largely a mystery but 宗和 most frequently refers to a school of tea ceremony, precise and delicate. However, it is always associated with martial arts in Nasuverse such as in the With One Strike CE so Nasu what the fuck.

If 宗 is intended as an alternate character for 旨, the definition of which ranges from "principle", "aim", "order/instruction", then it becomes something like "Knowledge of Purpose and Harmony" or "Knowledge of Purposeful Harmony", which is inline with the Skill description(s).

Leonardo da Vinci (Swimsuit)

白亜 is "chalk", but in keeping with Vinci Lily's whole dinosaur thing:

The Cretaceous^WP period. Its name is derived from "creta", which is Latin for "chalk". Incidentally, this period of time is called 白亜紀 in Japanese.

Mash Kyrielight

時に煙る白亜の壁 - White Wall Obscured in Time / Obscurant Wall of Chalk. 白亜 is also used to describe Camelot (白亜の城), is "a similar colour to white, but softer." Maybe the choice of chalk in the localisation is strange, but that's mainly if you're thinking of sticks of chalk (which are actually gypsum) as opposed to, say, the striking appearance of the White Cliffs of Dover^WP. Notably, 白亜の城 brings up stock photos of castles composed of limestone, which chalk is a form of.

誉れ堅き雪花の壁 - Wall of Firmly Honorable Snowflakes; literally "Wall of (Snowflakes of Firm Honour)". 堅い or rather 硬い has a lot of meanings - there's "firm" as in substance, and "firm" as in character - so it depends on how poetic you want to go.

Note: alabaster is called 雪花石膏, essentially "snowflake gypsum".

奮い断つ決意の盾 - Shield of Rousing Resolution; 奮い断つ

悲壮なる奮起の盾 - Shield of Tragic But Brave Rousing / Shield of Tragic Rousing; 悲壮 means "tragic but heroic", so it's a bit of a mouthful in English. Strictly speaking, the proper word is probably "pathetic" but the modern connotations of the word are too negative. P.S. The localisation uses "rousal" but that is apparently not a word. It should actually be "arousal" but you can see why they dropped the A. Drawing from Kotobank for simplicity's sake.

奮い断つ and 奮起 seem to be attributed the same meaning.

アマルガムゴート - ゴート is not actually "goad" (should be ゴード if that was the case) and by itself is either "goat" or referring to the Germanic Goths, unless there's a foreign word I'm not aware of. It could be an Engrish play on Scapegoat (ftr Amalgam Goad charges NP, Scapegoat grants Crit Stars). JP wiki says that it allows for a temporary boost in capabilities/power, which makes it sound similar to Mana Burst but doesn't function that way in gameplay. Will require revisiting story (most likely Lostbelt 2).

https://www.reddit.com/r/grandorder/comments/6ky0so/lets_learn_some_japanese_fgo_wall_of_text_6/

Melusine

The mention of "Geoffroy" and "Fromont" may be referencing two of "Melusine"'s sons in Le Roman de Mélusine by Jean d'Arras^WP.

デュケイダイト is some mystery word smushed with "-dight" in Arondight.

Miyamoto Musashi

天眼 - "divine eye", either dibbacakkhu^WP or divyacakshus

Murasaki Shikibu

I tried numerous translations for 物の怪 but short of "monstrum" (I got the idea from the English title of a South Korean film because the hanzi title seems to be 物怪), there's been numerous articles about why Princess Mononoke kept its title as is. That said, "monstrum" is a very accurate fit but I figured it would cause too much confusion with "monster", such as with Innocent Monster. Well, maybe unless I swap Innocent Kaiju back to Innocent Monstrosity.

Nezha

爽霊 is from the Chinese concept of the composition of souls^WP, specifically sanhunqipo (三魂七魄). 爽霊 is the soul tied to the earthly world, governing human consciousness and reasoning.

https://daoistgate.com/understanding-the-human-soul/

羅仙獣 - Seems to be based on lore from a Chinese text 三教源流捜神大全 ("Three Religions Searching for Gods"). Called a 大羅仙 in Chinese, that is, they were among the highest ranking Taoist immortals. The god-general under the Jade Emperor, fearsome as a beast.

https://www.godchecker.com/chinese-mythology/NEZHA/
https://daydaynews.cc/en/history/125017.html

Shiki Ryougi

雲耀 - either a technique ("unyou no tachi" or "lightning sword") or measurement of time in Jigen-ryu

「秒」("second") is 4.5 times the speed of a 「脈」 ("pulse")

「絲」is one tenth of 「秒」
「忽」is one tenth of 「絲」
「毫」is one tenth of 「忽」
「厘」is one tenth of 「毫」

「雲耀」is one tenth of 「厘」
0.00005 seconds. The speed of lightning flashing across the sky.

https://ameblo.jp/sessyaneko/entry-12161022819.html https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q10148413520

Suzuka Gozen

• Fire Rotation (火廻, Himawari^?) - sunflower
• Water Refine (水煉, Suiren^?) - water lily
• Tower Storm (楼嵐, Rōran^?) - either Camellia japonica or porcelainflower
• Compassion Flower (憐華, Renge^?) - lotus flower

Tamamo Cat

燦々日光午睡宮酒池肉林 - supertitle is specifically split up into さんさんにっこう ひるやすみしゅちにくりん so could be more akin to "Brilliant Sunshine - Opulent Lunch Break".

Tamamo-no-Mae

ダキニ天法 mostly brings up poorly translated or written articles referencing "Dakini-ten rites" or "rituals", although there do seem to be sections from books on the matter (see Aspects of Shikiban-Based Mikkyō Rituals by Nishioka Yoshifumi and Protectors and Predators: Gods of Medieval Japan, Volume 2 by Bernard Faure). The most important ritual relating to this in ancient times was the Enthronement of the Japanese emperor^WP. A common curse was to get a mountain hermit to trap a fox to get it to possess a third party, leading to kitsunetsuki^WP.

(Extra)

• Cursed Reading: Fiery Heaven (呪相・炎天, Jusō - Enten^?)
• Cursed Reading: Icy Heaven (呪相・氷天, Jusō - Hyōten^?)
• Cursed Reading: Secret Heaven (呪相・密天, Jusō - Mitten^?)
• Cursed Ritual: Spirit Theft (呪法・吸精, Jusō - Kyūsei^?)
• Cursed Reading: Void Cleft (呪相・空裂, Jusō - Kūretsu^?)
• Cursed Layer: Cave of Black Heaven (呪層・黒天洞, Jusō - Kokutendō^?) (see Daikokuten^WP and Mahakala^WP)
• Cursed Boundary Layer: Festivity of Grudge Heaven (呪層界・怨天祝祭, Jusō-Kai - Onten Shukusai^?) - name is similar to the subtitle for Sakura's Holy Grail Burst Super Move in Unlimited Codes (Art - Angra Mainyu: Cursed Boundary Layer - Malicious Festivity)
• Cursed Boundary Layer: Celebration of Grudge Heaven (呪層界・怨天祝奉, Jusō-Kai - Onten Shukuhō^?)
• Red Spider Lily Killing Stone: Everlasting Blooming Cleaving Great Killing World (常世咲き裂く大殺界(ヒガンバナセッショウセキ), Tokoyo Saki Saku Daisakkai(Higanbana Sesshō-seki)^?) - alt. "Everlasting Blooming Cleaving Season of Misfortune" (notes on Tamamo's talk page mentions that 大殺界 is a term from 六星占術 / Six Star Astrology; simplest explanation available at Pixiv)
• Cursed Ritual: Demolishing of Jewel Heaven (呪法・玉天崩, Juhō - Gyokutenhō^?) aka Polygamist Castration Fist (一夫多妻去勢拳, Ippu-tasai Kyosei-ken^?)
• Tamamo-chan increase (増えるタマモちゃん, Fueru Tamamo-chan^?)
• Breath of the Soul (魂息吹, Mitama-ibuki^?)

(FGO)

• Cursed Reading: Void Cleft Great Secret Heaven (呪相・空裂大密天, Jusō - Kūretsu Dai Mitten^?)

(Extella)

• Cursed Reading: Thunder (呪相・雷霆, Jusō - Raitei^?) - maybe Thunderbolt (matching Zeus)

Eightfold Blessing of Amaterasu possibly has the alternate name of 神宝(しんぽう)・宇迦之鏡也(うかのかがみなり) based on FGO voice lines. Maybe without 也(なり).

Tiamat

The origins of "Nammu Duranki" has been a bit hard to pin down, if only because the Wikipedia articles aren't great.

Nammu^WP, the Sumerian goddess that corresponds to Tiamat. The mother goddess of the sea who birthed An (the heavens, the sky father) and Ki (the earth, the earth mother), and who also made humans. Curiously, the character for her name can also read as "engur", which may be another name for Abzu^WP/Apsu, who is Tiamat's partner.

Duranki (besides being the title of a manga series) is apparently a Sumerian compound word: Dur (link/bond) and the aforementioned An and Ki, coming together to mean something like the "bond of heaven and earth". It may be the ancient name for Nippur^WP and/or Ekur^WP (the assembly of Sumerian gods as well as a temple in Nippur). It is also apparently a name the Sumerian people used to refer to themselves to signify their bonds with the gods - but so far the sources for this are a bit iffy.

TV Koyanskaya / Beast IV:Lost

Her NP references the story of Pan Yue the poet^WP, a man so popular women threw fruit at him when he walked the streets, or so she says.

重光 appears to be the Chinese term for "to see the light again", "to expose again" (seems to be a term in photography) and "to recover (sight/territory)". It's used in the term referring to the "Liberation of Hong Kong" from British rule, 香港重光.

雷天日光・禍音星落火流錘

ヤースカヤ = Ja skaya = Я ская. The writers' idea of how to write "my child" in Slavic.

Ushiwakamaru

自在天眼 - either "Eye of Shiva" (Jizaiten-gan) or "Heavenly Eye At Will" (Jizai-tengan); description doesn't indicate one way or another.

Watanabe-no-Tsuna

水天の徒 - Suiten and Varuna seem interchangeable but I gather it's similar to Benzaiten and Saraswati. JP Wiki basically says that Suiten originated as Varuna, with authorities over sky, water (specifically rain?) and as a divine judge. He was eventually stripped of his sky and judicial authorities, leaving only his water authority as Suiten, and basically gets adopted into Esoteric Buddhism as one of the Twelve Deva. TL;DR Japan seems to consider them both the same and different deities.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Apparently it's rare for Eine kleine Nachtmusik to be referred to as 小さな夜の曲 nowadays but because this Skill isn't mentioned in the material books, I'm not sure which Skill name it should be, in which case I defaulted to what the localisation uses.

Wu Zetian

焦骨牡丹 - Another name for Paeonia suffruticosa, the Luoyang Red, the Chinese Tree Peony. A special flower in Chinese history as a symbol of abundance and beauty. The story in regards to Wu Zetian is that she ordered a garden of flowers to bloom in the middle of winter, and the peony was the only one to not. She banished the flowers to Luoyang, either burning them beforehand or afterwards when they bloomed beautifully despite the harsh conditions, or both. Either way, they continued to bloom despite Wu Zetian's offended rage, and became a symbol of unyielding defiance and a strong heart in adversity.

Yu Mei-ren / Consort Yu

羽人, yu'ren, is synonymous with immortality. They were either actually feathered beings (the most common Google result) or "as light as a feather", either way they were able to ascend to paradise.

There's a PDF available online with an excerpt from Chinese Archaeology 11 by Walter de Gruyter (actual author is Xilin He) if you're interested in reading more, specifically about how they appear in Han Dynasty art.

Xian^WP (仙) might be too nuanced to ultimately translate, since there's translations from immortal to celestial to fairy. The localisation seems fond of "sage" (mainly with "sage arts" for 仙術).

Note: Yu Miaoyi is not her name, it is actually a name from the 2012 TV Drama "Beauties of the Emperor", as her true full name was never recorded.